摘要
弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)属于侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤,目前利妥昔单抗联合环磷酰胺+蒽环类+长春碱类+糖皮质激素(R-CHOP方案)已成为治疗DLBCL的一线治疗方案,但部分患者存在复发或疾病进展情况,针对这类患者的治疗仍是目前临床研究关注的重点。目前针对复发/难治DLBCL患者的治疗主要有抗体药物偶联物、靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂、细胞免疫治疗及造血干细胞移植等,有望为患者的疾病预后带来显著改善。
弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)中最常见的病理类型,约占33.27
20世纪90年代以前,环磷酰胺+蒽环类+长春碱类+糖皮质激素(CHOP方案)是初治DLBCL患者的首选治疗方案,但总有效率并不高。1997年,利妥昔单抗的出现,改变了这一状况。利妥昔单抗是一种以CD20抗原为靶点的人鼠嵌合单克隆抗体,可以特异性结合细胞表面的CD20分子,并通过补体依赖的细胞毒作用(complement-dependent cytotoxicity,CDC)、抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC)及直接诱导凋亡使肿瘤细胞溶解,最终达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的目
鉴于临床上R-CHOP方案在初治DLBCL患者中良好的效果,有不少研究者开展了R-CHOP+X对于初治DLBCL患者治疗的探索,如使用蛋白酶体抑制剂——硼替佐米(bortezomib)联合R-CHOP方案治疗ABC型DLBCL患者。Davies
Polatuzumab vedotin是首款靶向CD79b的抗体药物偶联物,可代替R-CHOP方案中的长春新碱形成pola-R-CHP方案。在国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)评分>2分的初治DLBCL患者中pola-R-CHP组和R-CHOP组2年PFS率分别为77%、72%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两者完全缓解(complete remission,CR)率及2年OS率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),结果提示pola-R-CHP方案能明显降低初治DLBCL患者复发及疾病进展的风险,其疗效优于R-CHOP方
近年来,由于CAR-T细胞治疗在复发/难治DLBCL患者中的良好效果,也有关于初治DLBCL患者一线使用CAR-T细胞治疗的相关研究,ZUMA-12研
DLBCL是一种具有高度异质性的侵袭性肿瘤,患者对于药物治疗的疗效及预后存在较大差异,目前临床上30%~40%的DLBCL患者会复
抗体药物偶联物(antibody drug conjugates,ADCs)是由单克隆抗体、细胞毒性药物及连接子偶联形成的,其特点为可以靶向杀伤肿瘤细胞而不损伤正常细
CD19只在B淋巴细胞表面表达,参与调节细胞间信号传导,同时也是BCR信号通路的协调激活分子,现已成为治疗B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤的靶点之一,而靶向CD19的ADCs对于双打击DLBCL患者可能有较好的治疗效
维布妥昔单抗(brentuximab vedotin)是靶向CD30的ADC。临床研
CD79b是B细胞受体(B-cell receptor,BCR)的组成部分,在超过90%的B细胞淋巴瘤表面均有异常表达。Segman
布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(Bruton tyrosine kinase,BTK)是B细胞表面抗原受体和细胞因子受体通路的信号分子,在细胞迁徙、趋化及黏附等方面发挥重要作
阿卡替尼(acalabrutinib)是第2代BTK抑制剂,与伊布替尼相比,阿卡替尼可以降低伊布替尼因脱靶效应而带来的不良反
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs)是一类锌离子依赖性的金属蛋白酶,参与细胞增殖、凋亡等,主要作用包括维持微环境稳态、提高细胞对药物的的耐受性等,而组蛋白乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylases inhibitor, HDACI)可通过增强组蛋白的乙酰化,促进转录因子与DNA链结合,抑制HDACs/STAT3/Bcl-2等信号途径而诱导DLBCL细胞凋
PI3Kδ在B细胞相关恶性肿瘤中过度表达,目前已成为新的肿瘤治疗靶点。在前期的临床试验中,研究者发现DLBCL的肿瘤活性与PI3Kδ蛋白水平呈负相关,而PI3Kδ抑制剂可以阻断PI3K信号通路并诱导DLBCL细胞凋
程序性细胞死亡-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)为一种在活化的T细胞和其他免疫细胞上表达的抑制性受体,肿瘤细胞通过表达程序性细胞死亡配体-1(programmed cell death ligand-1,PD-L1)与PD-1结合实现免疫逃逸,因此PD-1受体抑制剂的作用机制是通过与PD-L1受体结合,使T细胞恢复对肿瘤细胞的识别及杀伤功能,达到抑制肿瘤进展的目
目前已有相关研究证实了PD-1受体抑制剂在霍奇金淋巴瘤和原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤中的效
造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT)是采集患者或供者的外周血干细胞,在受者接受大剂量放化疗预处理清除体内的肿瘤或异常细胞后,再将自体或异体造血干细胞移植给受者,使受者重建正常造血及免疫系统。根据造血干细胞的来源,可以分为自体造血干细胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,auto-HSCT)和异体(又称异基因)造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)。
目前临床上对于复发/难治DLBCL患者行造血干细胞移植主要选择auto-HSCT。Bal
然而,对于auto-HSCT治疗后复发的患者。其预后往往较差,中位生存期通常不超过1
CAR-T细胞治疗是通过慢病毒转染的方法使患者或供者的T淋巴细胞表面嵌合特定的抗原受体,再输注回受者体内后,可以与靶细胞表面的抗原特异性结合,使得CAR-T细胞在受者体内活化、扩增并直接识别杀伤肿瘤细胞。目前临床上CAR-T细胞治疗以CD19靶向为主,目前已有多个CAR-T细胞治疗产品获FDA批准用于复发/难治DLBCL患者的治疗且取得了良好的临床疗效(
名称 | 临床试验 | 入组例数 | ORR | CR率 | 其他疗效指标 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
axicabtagene ciloleuce | ZUMA-1 | 101 | 83% | 54% | 2年OS率为54% |
tisagenlecleuce | JULIET | 115 | 53% | 39% |
中位PFS为2.9个月 中位OS为11个月 |
lisocabtagene maraleuce | TRANSCEND | 256 | 73% | 53% | 中位OS为21.1个月 |
relmacabtagene autoleuce | 59 | 75.9% | 51.2% | 中位PFS为7个月 |
CD19靶向的CAR-T细胞治疗已成为复发/难治DLBCL患者的三线治疗选择,并有研究者认为可替代造血干细胞移植成为复发/难治DLBCL患者的二线治疗方案。在ZUMA-7研究
单靶点CAR-T细胞治疗会出现脱靶效应而增加患者不良反应的风险,因此双靶点CAR-T细胞治疗的研究也是目前临床研究的热点。Wei
目前,关于复发/难治DLBCL患者的CAR-T细胞治疗主要以CD19靶点为主,但在临床研究中也发现,部分使用CD19靶向的CAR-T细胞治疗后仍有复发的可能,究其原因可能为CD19靶向的CAR-T仅消灭了CD19阳性的肿瘤细胞,而CD19阴性的肿瘤细胞仍在增殖,因此对于CD19以外靶点的研究也在进行中。Deng
临床上,CAR-T细胞治疗同样存在联合用药的可能性。在前期的小鼠模型试验
目前临床上DLBCL患者的一线治疗选择仍为利妥昔单抗联合CHOP方案,同时对于R-CHOP方案的探索也在进一步推进,包括第二代、第三代利妥昔单抗的应用及对R-CHOP+X治疗方案的探索。此外,随着临床上DLBCL相关的分子遗传学、诊断学及发病机制等方面研究的进展,针对DLBCL的靶向治疗药物也逐步增多,目前CAR-T细胞治疗具有良好的治疗前景,有望在未来成为治疗DLBCL的二线甚至一线治疗方案,但其他方案如抗体药物偶联物、靶向药物等虽在前期试验中取得了一定的疗效,但目前仍未在临床治疗中得到广泛应用,未来仍需更多临床试验来验证其治疗DLBCL的有效性。回顾近年来DLBCL领域的研究发展,根据DLBCL患者不同的生物特征制定个体化的治疗方案,有望为患者的疾病预后带来显著的改善。
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