Objective To investigate the prognostic factors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after radical resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.Methods Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 201 patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University who received radical resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologically confirmed as NSCLC between January 2014 and December 2018, mainly including the basic information of patients, surgery and tumor relevant information, hematological indicators, postoperative treatment and so on. The primary endpoint of the study was disease-free survival. Survival analysis, single and multi-factor analysis were separately performed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model.Results The median follow-up time of 201 patients was 38 months. Univariate analysis results showed that the risk factors included age, smoking, TNM stage, CEA level, interval between surgery and the first chemotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy cycles for the prognoses of NSCLC patients after radical resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (P<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that patients ≥ 65 years and TNM stage Ⅲ were independent risk factors affecting the prognoses of NSCLC patients after radical resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Initiation of chemotherapy within 50 days after surgery and more than 4 cycles chemotherapy were protective factors for the prognoses of these patients.Conclusion NSCLC patients with age ≥ 65 years and advanced TNM stage may have a shorter disease-free survival, so their follow-up frequency should be increased. At the same time, if the general condition allows, it is recommended to start more than 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy within 50 days after surgery.