Abstract:The immune system plays a key role in the occurrence and development of cancer. Even though the blockage of immune checkpoints can effectively improve the anti-tumor immune response in many types of tumors, tumor immunotherapy still faces lots of challenges. Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) provides a local and critical microenvironment for generating anti-tumor cells and humoral immune responses. In most malignant tumors, the presence of TLS is associated with good prognosis, but the existence of TLS in a few malignant tumors is still controversial for the prognosis value of patients. Therefore, further understanding of the relationship between TLS and different types of tumors may provide valuable reference for developing new immunotherapy strategies.